Ultimate Guide To Bella Bella: A Hidden Gem With Rich Culture And History

Visitors to Bella Bella will find themselves immersed in a world where ancient traditions and modern life coexist harmoniously. The town serves as a gateway to one of the most stunning marine environments in the world, the Great Bear Rainforest, which is home to an array of wildlife, including the rare white Kermode bear. Additionally, the thriving art scene and cultural festivals highlight the community's deep-rooted connection to its indigenous heritage, offering a glimpse into the past while celebrating the present. As you explore Bella Bella, you'll discover a community that values sustainability and conservation. The Heiltsuk people, who have inhabited the region for thousands of years, continue to play a vital role in protecting their ancestral lands and waters. This commitment to stewardship is evident in the area's well-preserved ecosystems and the ongoing efforts to promote eco-friendly tourism. Whether you're seeking adventure or tranquility, Bella Bella promises an unforgettable experience that will leave you inspired and enriched.

Table of Contents

• Biography of Bella Bella
• What Makes Bella Bella Unique?
• The Rich History of Bella Bella
• Cultural Significance of the Heiltsuk Nation
• Exploring the Great Bear Rainforest
• Wildlife and Marine Life in Bella Bella
• Sustainable Tourism in Bella Bella
• How to Get to Bella Bella?
• Accommodation and Stay Options
• Local Cuisine and Dining Experiences
• Events and Festivals in Bella Bella
• Art and Craft of the Heiltsuk Nation
• Outdoor Activities and Adventures
• FAQs About Bella Bella
• Conclusion

Biography of Bella Bella

Bella Bella, a serene coastal community located in British Columbia, Canada, is steeped in rich history and cultural significance. This small but vibrant town is situated on Campbell Island and is predominantly inhabited by the Heiltsuk Nation, an indigenous group known for their deep connection to the land and its resources. The community's roots run deep, with archaeological evidence suggesting that the Heiltsuk people have inhabited the area for over 14,000 years.

The name "Bella Bella" is thought to have originated from the Heiltsuk word "Bela Bela," which means "always nice" or "always good." This name reflects the community's harmonious relationship with their environment and their commitment to preserving their cultural heritage. Today, Bella Bella serves as a hub for exploring the Great Bear Rainforest, one of the largest temperate rainforests in the world, and remains a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the Heiltsuk people.

Visitors to Bella Bella are often struck by the community's strong sense of identity and pride in their heritage. The town is home to several cultural institutions, including the Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre, which offers insights into the history, traditions, and contemporary life of the Heiltsuk Nation. Additionally, Bella Bella hosts a variety of cultural events and festivals throughout the year, providing visitors with an opportunity to engage with the local community and experience the richness of Heiltsuk culture firsthand.

What Makes Bella Bella Unique?

Bella Bella stands out as a remarkable destination due to its unique blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and community spirit. One of the most striking features of Bella Bella is its location within the Great Bear Rainforest, a vast and ecologically significant area that spans over 6.4 million hectares. This pristine wilderness is home to a diverse range of species, including the iconic Kermode bear, also known as the spirit bear, which is revered by the Heiltsuk people.

The community's commitment to sustainability and conservation further enhances Bella Bella's uniqueness. The Heiltsuk Nation has long been at the forefront of efforts to protect their ancestral lands and waters, advocating for sustainable practices and eco-friendly tourism initiatives. This dedication to environmental stewardship has resulted in the preservation of Bella Bella's natural landscapes and the flourishing of its ecosystems, making it a haven for nature enthusiasts and conservationists alike.

In addition to its natural wonders, Bella Bella is distinguished by its vibrant cultural scene. The Heiltsuk people have a rich artistic tradition, with their distinctive carvings, weaving, and other crafts gaining recognition and appreciation worldwide. Visitors to Bella Bella have the opportunity to explore local galleries and workshops, where they can witness the creation of traditional and contemporary Heiltsuk art and even participate in hands-on experiences.

How does Bella Bella celebrate its culture?

Bella Bella celebrates its culture through a variety of events and activities that highlight the Heiltsuk people's rich heritage. The community hosts numerous cultural festivals throughout the year, such as the annual Heiltsuk Cultural Celebration, which showcases traditional dances, songs, and storytelling. These events provide an immersive experience for visitors, allowing them to engage with the community and learn about the customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations.

In addition to festivals, Bella Bella is home to several cultural institutions that play a vital role in preserving and promoting Heiltsuk culture. The Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre, located in the heart of the community, offers exhibits and programs that educate both residents and visitors about the history, language, and art of the Heiltsuk Nation. These initiatives not only celebrate the community's heritage but also ensure its survival for future generations.

The Rich History of Bella Bella

The history of Bella Bella is deeply intertwined with the history of the Heiltsuk Nation, whose ancestors have lived in the region for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Heiltsuk people have inhabited the central coast of British Columbia since the last Ice Age, making them one of the oldest continuously inhabited cultures in North America. This long-standing connection to the land has shaped the community's identity and way of life.

Throughout history, the Heiltsuk people have been known as skilled mariners and traders, navigating the intricate network of waterways that define the region. Their strategic location allowed them to establish trade routes with neighboring indigenous groups, exchanging goods such as fish, shellfish, and cedar for other resources. This vibrant trade network contributed to the prosperity and cultural richness of the Heiltsuk Nation, which continues to this day.

The arrival of European explorers in the late 18th century marked a significant turning point in the history of Bella Bella. The community faced numerous challenges, including the introduction of new diseases, land disputes, and cultural assimilation efforts. Despite these obstacles, the Heiltsuk people remained resilient, adapting to changing circumstances while preserving their cultural heritage and traditional practices.

What role did the Heiltsuk play in regional trade?

The Heiltsuk Nation played a central role in regional trade, leveraging their strategic location and maritime expertise to establish extensive trade networks along the Pacific Northwest coast. As skilled mariners, the Heiltsuk people navigated the intricate waterways of the region, transporting goods such as fish, shellfish, and cedar to neighboring indigenous communities. In return, they acquired valuable resources like furs, copper, and preserved foods, which contributed to their prosperity and cultural exchange.

This robust trade network not only facilitated economic growth but also fostered cultural interactions and alliances with other indigenous nations. The exchange of goods and ideas enriched the Heiltsuk culture, influencing their art, language, and social structures. Today, the legacy of these trade networks is evident in the community's continued emphasis on collaboration and cultural preservation.

Cultural Significance of the Heiltsuk Nation

The Heiltsuk Nation holds immense cultural significance, both within Bella Bella and beyond. As one of the oldest continuously inhabited cultures in North America, the Heiltsuk people have a deep-rooted connection to their ancestral lands and waters. This connection is reflected in their rich traditions, which encompass storytelling, art, music, and ceremonies that have been passed down through generations.

Central to the Heiltsuk culture is the concept of stewardship, which emphasizes the responsible management and protection of natural resources. This value is evident in the community's efforts to preserve the Great Bear Rainforest and other ecologically important areas, ensuring their sustainability for future generations. The Heiltsuk people's commitment to stewardship has garnered international recognition and serves as a model for conservation efforts worldwide.

Another key aspect of Heiltsuk culture is their vibrant artistic tradition. The community is renowned for its intricate carvings, weaving, and other crafts, which often depict stories and symbols central to Heiltsuk beliefs. These art forms not only showcase the community's creativity and skill but also serve as a means of cultural expression and preservation.

How do the Heiltsuk people preserve their culture?

The Heiltsuk people preserve their culture through a combination of traditional practices, community initiatives, and educational programs. Key to this effort is the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next, which is facilitated through storytelling, ceremonies, and cultural events. Elders play a vital role in this process, sharing their wisdom and experiences with younger members of the community.

In addition to oral traditions, the Heiltsuk Nation has established institutions dedicated to cultural preservation and education. The Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre, for instance, offers programs that teach the Heiltsuk language, history, and art to both residents and visitors. These initiatives not only celebrate the community's cultural heritage but also ensure its survival in the face of modern challenges.

Exploring the Great Bear Rainforest

The Great Bear Rainforest is a remarkable natural treasure that envelops Bella Bella in its lush embrace. Spanning over 6.4 million hectares, this pristine wilderness is one of the largest temperate rainforests in the world, offering a breathtaking landscape of old-growth forests, rugged coastlines, and cascading waterfalls. For those visiting Bella Bella, exploring the Great Bear Rainforest is an unforgettable experience that promises both adventure and serenity.

Home to a diverse array of wildlife, the Great Bear Rainforest is a haven for nature enthusiasts and wildlife photographers. The forest is famously inhabited by the Kermode bear, also known as the spirit bear, a rare subspecies of the black bear with a distinctive white coat. In addition to the spirit bear, visitors may encounter other wildlife such as grizzly bears, wolves, eagles, and a variety of marine life, including orcas and humpback whales.

Guided tours and eco-friendly excursions offer an excellent way to experience the beauty and biodiversity of the Great Bear Rainforest. Knowledgeable guides provide insights into the region's ecology, history, and cultural significance, ensuring that visitors leave with a deeper understanding and appreciation of this unique ecosystem. Whether you're hiking through ancient forests, kayaking along pristine waterways, or simply soaking in the tranquility of your surroundings, the Great Bear Rainforest is sure to leave a lasting impression.

What activities can you do in the Great Bear Rainforest?

The Great Bear Rainforest offers a wide range of activities for visitors to enjoy, catering to both adventure seekers and those seeking a more leisurely experience. Some popular activities include:

• Wildlife Viewing: Embark on guided tours to spot the elusive spirit bear, grizzly bears, wolves, and other wildlife in their natural habitat.
• Hiking: Explore the rainforest's network of trails, ranging from easy walks to challenging hikes, each offering stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
• Kayaking and Canoeing: Paddle through the rainforest's tranquil waterways, taking in the serene beauty of the coastline and its diverse marine life.
• Photography: Capture the breathtaking scenery and unique wildlife of the Great Bear Rainforest, a paradise for nature photographers.
• Fishing: Enjoy a day of fishing in the region's abundant rivers and streams, rich with salmon and other fish species.

Wildlife and Marine Life in Bella Bella

Bella Bella is a hub of biodiversity, offering an unparalleled opportunity to witness a wide array of wildlife and marine life. The region's diverse ecosystems, from temperate rainforests to coastal waters, support a rich tapestry of species that thrive in this unique environment. For nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts, Bella Bella provides a captivating glimpse into the natural world.

One of the most iconic species found in the region is the Kermode bear, also known as the spirit bear. This rare white-coated bear is a symbol of the Great Bear Rainforest and holds cultural significance for the Heiltsuk people. In addition to the spirit bear, visitors may encounter grizzly bears, black bears, and wolves, making for exciting wildlife viewing opportunities.

The waters surrounding Bella Bella are equally teeming with life. The region's coastal waters are home to a variety of marine species, including orcas, humpback whales, sea otters, and sea lions. Birdwatchers will also delight in the abundance of bird species, such as eagles, herons, and seabirds, that inhabit the area. Whether on land or at sea, Bella Bella offers a chance to connect with nature in a truly meaningful way.

How can you experience wildlife in Bella Bella?

Experiencing the wildlife of Bella Bella is best done through guided tours and eco-friendly excursions that prioritize conservation and respect for the environment. Knowledgeable guides lead visitors on wildlife safaris, providing insights into the behavior and habitat of the region's diverse species. These tours often include opportunities to observe bears, wolves, and other wildlife in their natural surroundings, ensuring a safe and responsible viewing experience.

For those interested in marine life, boat tours and kayaking excursions offer the chance to explore the coastal waters and encounter orcas, whales, and other marine creatures. These guided experiences are designed to minimize environmental impact while maximizing wildlife viewing opportunities, allowing visitors to appreciate the beauty and diversity of Bella Bella's natural world.

Sustainable Tourism in Bella Bella

Bella Bella is a shining example of sustainable tourism, where the community's commitment to environmental stewardship and cultural preservation is at the forefront of its tourism initiatives. The Heiltsuk Nation has long recognized the importance of protecting their ancestral lands and waters, and this ethos is reflected in the eco-friendly practices and responsible tourism opportunities available in the region.

Visitors to Bella Bella are encouraged to engage in low-impact activities that prioritize conservation and respect for the environment. From guided eco-tours to sustainable accommodation options, the community offers a range of experiences that allow travelers to explore the area's natural beauty while minimizing their ecological footprint. This approach not only ensures the preservation of Bella Bella's unique ecosystems but also supports the local economy and community well-being.

In addition to environmental sustainability, Bella Bella's tourism initiatives prioritize cultural preservation and community engagement. Visitors have the opportunity to learn about the Heiltsuk Nation's history, traditions, and contemporary life through cultural tours, workshops, and events. These experiences foster meaningful connections between travelers and the community, contributing to a deeper understanding and appreciation of Bella Bella's rich cultural heritage.

What are some sustainable tourism practices in Bella Bella?

Bella Bella employs a variety of sustainable tourism practices to ensure the protection of its natural and cultural resources. Some key practices include:

• Eco-Friendly Accommodation: Visitors can stay in lodges and cabins that prioritize sustainable building practices, energy efficiency, and waste reduction.
• Guided Eco-Tours: Local guides lead eco-friendly tours that focus on wildlife viewing, cultural education, and environmental conservation.
• Community Engagement: Visitors are encouraged to participate in cultural events and workshops that promote cultural exchange and support local artisans.
• Conservation Initiatives: The community is actively involved in conservation efforts, including habitat restoration, wildlife monitoring, and sustainable resource management.

How to Get to Bella Bella?

Reaching Bella Bella may require a bit of planning, but the journey is well worth the effort. Located on Campbell Island in British Columbia, Bella Bella is accessible by various modes of transportation, each offering a unique perspective on the region's stunning landscapes.

The most common way to reach Bella Bella is by air. Pacific Coastal Airlines operates regular flights from Vancouver International Airport (YVR) to Bella Bella (Campbell Island) Airport (ZEL). The flight takes approximately two hours and offers breathtaking views of the coastline and surrounding islands.

For those who prefer a scenic route, BC Ferries provides service to Bella Bella from Port Hardy on Vancouver Island. The ferry journey takes approximately nine hours, offering passengers the opportunity to enjoy the picturesque coastal scenery and marine life along the way. Additionally, private boat charters and water taxis are available for travelers seeking a more personalized and flexible travel experience.

What transportation options are available to reach Bella Bella?

Travelers have several transportation options to reach Bella Bella, each offering its own unique advantages:

• Air Travel: Pacific Coastal Airlines offers regular flights from Vancouver International Airport to Bella Bella, providing a quick and convenient travel option.
• Ferry Service: BC Ferries operates a route from Port Hardy on Vancouver Island to Bella Bella, offering a scenic journey along the coast.
• Private Charters: Private boat charters and water taxis provide a flexible and personalized travel experience, ideal for those seeking a more customized journey.

Accommodation and Stay Options

Bella Bella offers a range of accommodation options to suit the preferences and budgets of all travelers. From cozy lodges nestled in the rainforest to comfortable cabins overlooking the ocean, visitors can find the perfect place to unwind and enjoy the natural beauty of the region.

Many accommodations in Bella Bella are designed with sustainability in mind, incorporating eco-friendly practices such as energy-efficient design, waste reduction, and locally sourced materials. These lodgings offer guests a comfortable and environmentally responsible stay, allowing them to enjoy the area's natural wonders while minimizing their ecological impact.

In addition to traditional accommodations, travelers seeking a more immersive experience can opt for homestays or cultural lodges operated by local Heiltsuk families. These options provide a unique opportunity to connect with the community, learn about Heiltsuk culture, and enjoy authentic hospitality in a welcoming environment.

What types of accommodations are available in Bella Bella?

Bella Bella offers a variety of accommodation options to suit different preferences and budgets, including:

• Eco-Friendly Lodges: These lodges prioritize sustainability and offer comfortable amenities in a natural setting.
• Cabins and Cottages: Cozy cabins and cottages provide a peaceful retreat with stunning views of the rainforest or ocean.
• Homestays: Stay with local Heiltsuk families for an authentic cultural experience and personalized hospitality.
• Cultural Lodges: These lodges offer a unique cultural experience, incorporating traditional Heiltsuk elements into their design and services.

Local Cuisine and Dining Experiences

Bella Bella offers a culinary journey that highlights the flavors of the region, with a focus on fresh, locally sourced ingredients. The community's connection to the land and sea is reflected in its cuisine, which features an array of seafood, wild game, and foraged ingredients that showcase the bounty of the Great Bear Rainforest.

Visitors to Bella Bella can enjoy a variety of dining experiences, from casual eateries to more refined establishments. Many local restaurants emphasize sustainable and organic ingredients, creating dishes that celebrate the natural abundance of the region. Seafood lovers will delight in the variety of fresh fish and shellfish on offer, including salmon, halibut, crab, and prawns, often prepared using traditional Heiltsuk methods.

For those seeking a truly unique dining experience, cultural events and communal meals offer the opportunity to enjoy traditional Heiltsuk dishes in a communal setting. These gatherings provide a chance to connect with the community, learn about Heiltsuk culinary traditions, and savor the flavors of Bella Bella in a welcoming and festive atmosphere.

What are some must-try dishes in Bella Bella?

When visiting Bella Bella, be sure to try some of the region's signature dishes, which highlight the area's fresh and locally sourced ingredients:

• Cedar-Planked Salmon: A traditional Heiltsuk preparation of salmon, cooked on cedar planks for a rich, smoky flavor.
• Crab and Prawn Boil: A delicious feast of fresh crab and prawns, often served with corn, potatoes, and spices.
• Wild Berry Bannock: A traditional fry bread made with local berries, offering a sweet and satisfying treat.
• Seaweed Salad: A refreshing salad made with locally harvested seaweed, often flavored with sesame and citrus.

Events and Festivals in Bella Bella

Bella Bella is a vibrant community that comes alive with a variety of events and festivals throughout the year, celebrating its rich cultural heritage and fostering a sense of community. These gatherings offer visitors the opportunity to engage with the Heiltsuk people, learn about their traditions, and experience the warmth and hospitality of the community.

One of the most anticipated events is the annual Heiltsuk Cultural Celebration, which showcases traditional dances, songs, and storytelling. This event provides a unique opportunity to witness the community's cultural expressions and learn about the customs and values that have been passed down through generations. Other festivals and events highlight the region's natural beauty, such as eco-tours, wildlife viewing excursions, and art and craft fairs.

In addition to cultural events, Bella Bella hosts a variety of community gatherings, including markets, concerts, and workshops. These events provide a platform for local artisans, musicians, and performers to share their talents and creativity, contributing to the community's vibrant cultural scene. Whether you're interested in cultural heritage, outdoor adventures, or artistic experiences, Bella Bella's events and festivals offer something for everyone.

What are some popular festivals in Bella Bella?

Bella Bella hosts several popular festivals and events that celebrate the community's culture and natural beauty, including:

• Heiltsuk Cultural Celebration: An annual event featuring traditional dances, songs, and storytelling, showcasing the community's rich cultural heritage.
• Eco-Tours: Guided tours and excursions that highlight the region's natural wonders, including wildlife viewing and marine adventures.
• Art and Craft Fairs: Events where local artisans showcase their handmade creations, offering visitors a chance to purchase unique and authentic souvenirs.
• Community Markets: Regular markets featuring local produce, crafts, and food, providing a taste of Bella Bella's local flavors and creativity.

Art and Craft of the Heiltsuk Nation

The art and craft of the Heiltsuk Nation are integral to the community's cultural identity, serving as a means of expression and preservation of their rich traditions. Heiltsuk artists are renowned for their intricate carvings, weaving, and other crafts, which often depict stories and symbols central to their beliefs and way of life.

Carving is a particularly significant art form among the Heiltsuk people, with artists creating stunning pieces from cedar, argillite, and other materials. These carvings often take the form of totem poles, masks, and other objects that hold cultural and spiritual significance. The artistry and craftsmanship of Heiltsuk carvers are recognized worldwide, and their works can be found in galleries and museums both locally and internationally.

In addition to carving, the Heiltsuk Nation boasts a rich tradition of weaving, producing intricately designed baskets, mats, and textiles. These woven creations are not only functional but also serve as a testament to the community's creativity and skill. Visitors to Bella Bella can explore local galleries and workshops, where they can witness the creation of traditional and contemporary Heiltsuk art and even participate in hands-on experiences.

What are some traditional Heiltsuk art forms?

The Heiltsuk Nation is renowned for several traditional art forms that reflect their cultural heritage and artistry, including:

• Carving: Creating intricate totem poles, masks, and other wooden objects that hold cultural and spiritual significance.
• Weaving: Producing beautifully designed baskets, mats, and textiles using traditional techniques and natural materials.
• Painting: Adorning carvings and other objects with vibrant colors and designs that convey stories and symbols.
• Jewelry Making: Crafting unique jewelry pieces from materials such as silver, copper, and abalone, often featuring traditional motifs.

Outdoor Activities and Adventures

Bella Bella is a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts, offering a wealth of activities and adventures that allow visitors to explore the stunning natural landscapes of the region. From hiking through ancient rainforests to kayaking along pristine coastlines, there are endless opportunities for adventure and discovery in this breathtaking destination.

Hiking is a popular activity in Bella Bella, with a variety of trails catering to different skill levels and interests. Whether you're seeking a leisurely walk through the forest or a challenging trek to a scenic viewpoint, the region's trails offer something for everyone. Along the way, hikers can enjoy the sights and sounds of the rainforest, including towering trees, cascading waterfalls, and diverse wildlife.

For those who prefer water-based activities, Bella Bella's coastal waters provide the perfect setting for kayaking, canoeing, and fishing. Paddlers can explore the region's tranquil waterways, taking in the serene beauty of the coastline and its abundant marine life. Fishing enthusiasts will find ample opportunities to catch salmon, halibut, and other fish species, with local guides available to enhance the experience.

What outdoor activities can you do in Bella Bella?

Bella Bella offers a wide range of outdoor activities and adventures for visitors to enjoy, including:

• Hiking: Explore the region's network of trails, offering stunning views of the rainforest and coastline.
• Kayaking and Canoeing: Paddle through the area's tranquil waterways, taking in the beauty of the natural surroundings.
• Fishing: Enjoy a day of fishing in the region's abundant rivers and streams, rich with salmon and other fish species.
• Wildlife Viewing: Embark on guided tours to spot bears, wolves, and other wildlife in their natural habitat.
• Photography: Capture the breathtaking scenery and unique wildlife of Bella Bella, a paradise for nature photographers.

FAQs About Bella Bella

Is Bella Bella accessible year-round?

Yes, Bella Bella is accessible year-round, with regular flights and ferry services available throughout the year. However, it's important to check for weather-related delays or changes in service, especially during the winter months.

What is the best time to visit Bella Bella?

The best time to visit Bella Bella is during the spring and summer months, from May to September, when the weather is mild and wildlife viewing opportunities are abundant. This period also coincides with many cultural events and festivals, offering a vibrant experience for visitors.

Are there guided tours available in Bella Bella?

Yes, guided tours are available in Bella Bella, offering visitors the chance to explore the region's natural beauty and cultural heritage with knowledgeable guides. Tours include wildlife viewing, cultural experiences, and eco-friendly excursions.

What should I pack for a trip to Bella Bella?

When visiting Bella Bella, it's important to pack appropriately for the region's temperate rainforest climate. Essentials include waterproof clothing, sturdy hiking boots, and layers for varying temperatures. Don't forget binoculars and a camera for wildlife viewing and photography.

Can I experience Heiltsuk culture during my visit?

Yes, visitors to Bella Bella can experience Heiltsuk culture through a variety of cultural events, festivals, and workshops. Engaging with the community provides an opportunity to learn about their traditions, art, and way of life.

Are there any conservation efforts I can participate in?

Visitors interested in conservation can participate in community-led initiatives such as habitat restoration projects and wildlife monitoring activities. Engaging in these efforts provides a meaningful way to contribute to the preservation of Bella Bella's natural and cultural heritage.

Conclusion

Bella Bella is a hidden gem that offers a unique blend of natural beauty, cultural richness, and community spirit. This enchanting destination invites visitors to explore its lush rainforests, encounter diverse wildlife, and immerse themselves in the traditions of the Heiltsuk Nation. As a model of sustainable tourism, Bella Bella provides an opportunity to experience the wonders of the Great Bear Rainforest while supporting the community's efforts to preserve their ancestral lands and cultural heritage.

Whether you're seeking adventure, relaxation, or cultural enrichment, Bella Bella promises an unforgettable experience that will leave you inspired and enriched. As you journey through this remarkable region, you'll discover the true essence of Bella Bella—a place where nature and culture thrive in harmony, and where the spirit of the Heiltsuk people continues to shine bright.